– Wendell Cox is a senior fellow at the think-tank Frontier Centre for Public Policy.
CANADA – Canada’s middle-income housing affordability crisis is drawing considerable attention, with good reason. Families are being squeezed out of the market and the situation is only going to worsen.
Frontier Centre publications, such as the Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey and its policy report, Canada’s Middle-Income Housing Affordability Crisis, have played a major role in this discussion.
A recent issue of Maclean’s magazine highlights the extent to which many who aspire to home ownership are being priced out of the market for traditionally-preferred detached houses. In the article For many young Canadians, home won’t be a house, author Kevin Carmichael expresses concern that governments, from local to federal, have failed to keep housing affordable.
Carmichael uses the metrics from the annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey, which is sponsored by the Frontier Centre for Public Policy in Canada and co-authored by Frontier Senior Fellow for Housing Affordability and Municipal Policy, Wendell Cox, and Hugh Pavletich of Performance Urban Planning in Christchurch, New Zealand.
The 13th annual report shows that by September of last year, the median house price (including all owned housing types) had risen to more than 12 times annual incomes in metropolitan Vancouver and nearly eight times in the Toronto region.
Before adoption of urban containment boundaries in those two metro regions, the median house price was less than the four times annual incomes. Those policies, including urban growth boundaries and greenbelts, drive house prices much higher by severely rationing land for new houses.
The result is that many buyers who would prefer a house with a lawn are forced into condominium apartments or rentals. Canada, with the world’s most affluent middle class, is rich enough that buyers should be able to afford the housing they prefer, as their parents did in less affluent times.
Urban containment policies severely limit housing choice, especially for younger buyers. Authorities were warned of the housing affordability consequences as they considered land-use restrictions.
Well-known urban planner Hans Blumenfeld advised Vancouver land-use authorities that their urban containment policies were inconsistent with maintaining housing affordability. In the middle 2000s, I showed that Toronto’s Places to Grow urban containment policy was likely to drive up house prices.
Since then, house prices have doubled relative to incomes and much smaller condos are more expensive than detached houses were just a decade ago. So much for the idea that building up can solve the problem. A recent Ryerson University report found that building more ground-oriented housing in Toronto (detached, semi-detached and town homes) was necessary to improve housing affordability.
House prices are rising significantly across Canada as housing regulations are tightened. Ailin He and I described the problem Canada’s Middle-Income Housing Affordability Crisis, published last year by the Frontier Centre. Among the more important findings:
- Canada’s house prices have grown nearly three times that of household income since 2000. This contrasts with the stability between growth in house prices and household income during the previous three decades. These house-price increases raised serious concerns at the Bank of Canada and at organizations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
- House prices rose faster than income in each of the 35 markets reviewed.
- Should mortgage interest rates rise in 2020 as projected by the Conference Board of Canada, approximately 800,000 fewer households will qualify for a mortgage on an average-priced house.
- As noted by Maclean’s, higher house prices appear to be driving buyers into smaller dwellings, especially condos, with an attendant reduction in the standard of living for many.
- Middle-income housing affordability in Canada is a profound social and economic crisis that warrants serious and concentrated public policy attention.
Misconstruing the problem as one of demand, provincial governments in British Columbia and Ontario have imposed foreign buyers taxes. While these have resulted in somewhat lower prices, today’s houses in Vancouver and Toronto are above their elevated levels of last year.
Canada’s middle-income housing affordability crisis is the result of provincial and regional government policy. Without liberalization of the urban fringe land-use restrictions that deny the supply of houses that people prefer, prices are likely to continue rising.
© 2017 Distributed by Troy Media
